Автор

RUS

Максимов   К. Н.

Калмыцкий институт гуманитарных исследований РАН

ENG

Maksimov   K.

Kalmyk Institute for Humanities of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Заглавие

RUS

АДМИНИСТРАТИВНЫЕ РЕФОРМЫ НА ДОНУ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ КАЛМЫЦКОГО ОКРУГА В СОСТАВЕ ВОЙСКА ДОНСКОГО

ENG

Administrative Reforms in the Don Region and the Formation of the Kalmyk District within the Don Cossack’s Military Forces

Аннотация

RUS

В области Войска Донского в 1820-1840 гг. центральной властью при активной поддержке и заинтересованности администрации Дона была проведена реформа административного устройства Калмыцкого кочевья и его управления. В результате реформы территория Калмыцкого кочевья была преобразована в Калмыцкий округ, управление которого осуществлялось правлением во главе с приставом, назначаемым из числа старших офицеров наказным атаманом, по статусу являвшимся окружным военным начальником. Улусы и сотни по управлению были приравнены к казачьим станичным и хуторским. Реформа позволила ввести донское калмыцкое население в единую управляемую и служебную систему Дона, способствовала его ускоренной трансформации в социальную структуру казачества.

ENG

In 1820-1840, the Russian Central Government with the active support and commitment of the administration of the Don Region conducted the reform of the administrative structure of the Kalmyk nomadic territory and its governance within the Don Cossack’s Military Forces. As a result of the reform, the Kalmyk nomadic territory was transformed into the Kalmyk District which was governed by the board led by the superintendent who was appointed from the group of the senior officers by the Cossack Chieftain (Ataman). His status was the military commander of the district. Regarding the type of governing, the uluses and squadrons became equal to the Cossack villages and farmsteads. In accordance with the Provisions of 1835, Kalmyks-Cossacks were distinguished into a separate group having the same status as Cossacks had in the social structure of the Don Region population. Instead of military service they could go to work as horse herd wranglers for village or private herds. There were some changes in the social life of the Kalmyks as well. Along with clergymen, civil servants and military men, a new group of people belonging to the gentry appeared (they were offi cers and the members of their families). The reform influenced the educational system for Kalmyk children as well. They could either attend special schools for Kalmyk children or go to general educational institutions. As a result of the reform, land use was adjusted in the settlements. Kalmyks-Cossacks being mainly cattle-breeders started to use free land for agriculture. It also allowed the Kalmyk population to enter into the controlled and official system of the Don Region and contributed to its rapid transformation into the social structure of the Cossacks.

Ключевые слова

Область Войска Донского  ◆  казаки  ◆  калмыки-казаки  ◆  Калмыцкое кочевье  ◆  реформа  ◆  Калмыцкий округ  ◆  управление  ◆  административно-территориальное устройство  ◆  улусы  ◆  сотни  ◆  служилые  ◆  отставные казаки  ◆  духовенство  ◆  образование  ◆  животноводство  ◆  землепашество  ◆  Don Cossack’s Region  ◆  Cossacks  ◆  Kalmyks-Cossacks  ◆  Kalmyk nomadic territory  ◆  reform  ◆  Kalmyk District  ◆  governance  ◆  administrative and territorial structure  ◆  uluses  ◆  squadrons  ◆  servitors  ◆  retired Cossacks  ◆  clergy  ◆  education  ◆  cattle-breeding  ◆  tillage